In view of the problem of wind-wave-current mutation of floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) during the offloading production that was easy to cause large angle deviation between FPSO and shuttle tanker, and other problems such as mooring hawser damage or collision accident, a system for real-time monitoring the wind-wave-current, mooring hawser tension and relative position between FPSO and shuttle tanker during the offloading production of FPSO was developed. Based on the monitoring data of optical detection equipment, integrating the existing wind-wave-current data and mooring hawser tension on FPSO, the numerical simulation method was used to establish the mathematical model of prediction of the relative included angle between FPSO and shuttle tanker, so that the functions of real-time monitoring, prediction and early warning of the system were realized. The field test results show that the monitoring data delay of the system is ≤0.5 s, the distance measurement error is ≤0.4 m, the included angle measurement error is ≤0.2°, and the prediction accuracy of included angle within 120 s is ≥80%, which meets the engineering application requirements and provides a technical reference for realizing the intellectualization of the FPSO tandem offloading.

To meet the technical requirements of high sensitivity, high resolution and low noise of high-resolution spectrometer, the back-illuminated CCD driving circuit and main control circuit for low-level-light imaging system were designed. The MAX X series FPGA of Altera was adopted by linear CCD acquisition system as the core control device to provide multiple driving signals for the linear CCD. The output analog signal of linear CCD was transformed into digital signal after signal preprocessing and AD sampling, and then sent to the spectrometer through USB interface module. By installing the linear CCD acquisition system into the high-resolution spectrometer to test the characteristic peaks of the mercury lamp spectrum, the spectral resolution can reach 0.062 nm, which meets the detection requirements of high-resolution spectrometer.

The pulse width modulation (PWM) drive plays a pivotal part in the servo driving system. Therefore, the filters become more important in differential mode and common mode for pulse width signal ahead of direct current motors. The filter circuit was built with the WSA38M power amplifier module in a photoelectric inertial stabilized turret. The PWM drive switch frequency was analyzed, which caused motor heating and electromagnetic coupling interference. The electric parameter of LC filter was calculated and the optimization simulation was carried out. The results of test and electromagnetic compatibility experiments show that the optimized electrical performance is excellent, especially the 22 kHz~53 kHz frequency band has less interference to the system, which is easy to meet the overall index requirements, and provides a reliable basis for the control system design.

Taking the servo stabilization platform of two-axis and four-frame electro-optical system as the research object, the reliability of servo stabilization platform was qualitatively analyzed by using the failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. After obtaining the critical failure modes and the list of reliability critical products of the servo stabilization platform, the fuzziness of human subjective judgment was fully considered, and the importance ranking of the impact of key products on reliability was further analyzed, which could be used as an importance reference for subsequent reliability design and distribution.

The zoom objective lens is an important part of the polarization imaging system. At present, the zoom objective lens on the market is relatively expensive due to the use of more aspheric surfaces. In order to reduce the processing cost of the polarization imaging system zoom objective lens, a 20 mm~200 mm zoom objective lens for polarization imaging system was designed. By using positive group compensation method and Zemax to optimize the zoom system, the final system used only 7 spherical lenses to achieve good image quality. The modulation transfer function (MTF) is greater than 0.3 at 120 lp/mm, the distortion is less than 4%, and the cam curve of the system is smooth without breakpoints. The system tolerance analysis results show that the tolerance range is set as follows: the aperture tolerance of the lens surface is 2, the thickness tolerance of the lens or air center is ±0.02 mm, the inclination tolerance of the lens surface center is ±0.025°, the lens assembly and adjustment tolerance is ± 0.025 mm, and the lens refractive index deviation is 0.002. The tolerance setting conforms to the component processing and system assembly and adjustment process, which has a certain reference value to reduce the cost of polarization imaging system.

In the process of high-voltage power line transportation, the corona discharge is easy to occur, which has potential safety hazards. Therefore, it is necessary to detect the corona discharge. Corona detection using solar blind ultraviolet (UV) lens is one of the detection methods. Based on the multiple configuration function of Zemax, a large-aperture and wide-spectrum zoom lens was designed to cooperate with the application of UV lens with the zoom range of 90 mm~165 mm, which could quickly and accurately find out the position of the damaged line in all-weather conditions when detecting the corona discharge signal. The four components and near-symmetrical structure were adopted by the proposed large-aperture and wide-spectrum zoom lens with the F number of 1.4, the zoom range of 30 mm~55 mm, the working spectral band of 400 nm~850 nm, the full field MTF≥0.4 at spatial frequency of 100 lp/mm, and the maximum distortion≤±3 %, all adopting standard spherical design, total length of the system is 110 mm, which is suitable for 0.847 cm (1/3 inch) CCD, and can better correct all kinds of aberrations as well as meet the basic processing requirements of each part.

The gyroscope is an important component for line-of-sight stabilization in electro-optical system. A redundant installation method of fiber optic gyroscope based on the electro-optical system was introduced. Under the premise that the number of redundant-installed gyroscope was determined, considering the installation space, volume, weight and cost of practical application of engineering, the redundant installation method of octagonal pyramid for 4 gyroscopes was designed. The precision and reliability of this redundant installation method were analyzed and simulated, and compared with the non-redundancy installation. This installation method could be used for redundant installation of gyroscope and magnetohydrodynamics angular rate sensor. The experimental results show that the standard deviation of noise is decreased about 25.3% and the reliability is improved about 1.75 times, which effectively solves the problem of insufficient gyroscope accuracy due to the limitation of installation space in an electro-optical system and improves the reliability. Meanwhile, the proposed method can be applied in the triaxial gyroscope stabilized electro-optical system, which has a certain guiding role for engineering application.

In order to solve the simulation problem of beam pointing in a wide range during the tracking accuracy measurement of photoelectric tracker, a two-dimensional fast steering mirror (FSM) with large aperture and high accuracy was designed. An elliptic and microcrystalline plane mirror was designed with long and short axes of 230 mm and 160 mm respectively, and the surface accuracy was better than λ/30. Driven by the voice coil motors and supported by the flexible support hinges and DSP embedded control system, the swing angle range was ±30 mrad, the motion control accuracy was 5 μrad, the motion control linearity was better than ±0.20%, and the angular resolution was better than 1 μrad. Through the software control, the circular, linear and random motion of the incident beam could be simulated. Finally, the design indicators were tested, which could meet the requirements of tracking accuracy dynamic beam simulation.

Aiming at the urgent requirements of military photoelectric system for field of view, image quality and system miniaturization, a large-aperture off-axis three-mirror optical system was designed according to the index requirements. The off-axis multi-mirror structure was adopted to eliminate the system obstruction and reduce the structure size. By introducing the complex profiles, the large-aperture design was realized. While ensuring the sufficient resolution, the field of view angle of the optical system was increased to obtain richer target features and improve the target detection and recognition ability of the system. Compared with transmission-type structure and foldback system, it greatly reduced the volume and weight of photoelectric products and effectively reduced the load of servo design, which had the characteristics of good concealment, wide spectrum coverage, high transmittance and strong field of view compatibility. According to the design results, the full field of view modulation transfer function (MTF) of TV optical path is higher than 0.2 at 120 lp/mm, the MTF of SWIR optical path is higher than 0.3 at 60 lp/mm, the MTF of MWIR optical path is higher than 0.15 at 30 lp/mm, and the grid distortion is less than 0.5%, which meet the design index requirements.

The stabilization accuracy is the key indicator to measure the performance of electro-optical platform, the disturbance torque has the greatest influence on the stabilization accuracy, and the cable elastic moment is an important component of the disturbance torque. Therefore, reducing the cable elastic moment is of great significance to improve the stabilization accuracy of the electro-optical platform. The mathematical model of electro-optical stabilized platform and cable elastic moment were established and the influence of elastic moment on stabilization accuracy was quantitatively analyzed. On this basis, a method to reduce the cable elastic moment was proposed. By applying this method to actual products, the results prove that the method can reduce the elastic moment by 0.180 N·m and decrease the angle change of optical axis by 16.3%.

The target location accuracy is an important index to evaluate the performance of airborne electro-optical system. For the high-altitude airborne electro-optical system, the target location accuracy is not only affected by the comprehensive factors such as sensor, rangefinder, stabilization accuracy of load platform, stabilization accuracy and position accuracy of flight platform, but also affected by the atmospheric refraction. For the long-distance ground observation of high-altitude airborne electro-optical system, the impact of atmospheric refraction on target location is particularly serious. Starting from the influence mechanism of atmospheric refraction on target location, an atmospheric model was given to analyze the influence factors of atmospheric refraction. Based on the earth model between the sphere and the reference rotating ellipsoid, the atmospheric refraction error model was given. Finally, the influence of atmospheric refraction on target location was analyzed according to the proposed earth model of approximate reference rotating ellipsoid. The analysis results have important guiding significance for the atmospheric refraction correction of airborne electro-optical system for long-distance target location.

The system reliability modeling and analysis is the basis of reliability allocation and prediction, fault tree analysis and reliability optimization design. A reliability modeling and analysis method for electro-optical system was introduced. For some subsystems with multiple failure modes following exponential distribution, according to the homogeneous Markov stochastic process theory, a reliability model was built using the Markov state transition diagram method. Then the analytical expression, numerical calculation method and Monte Carlo simulation method were presented. The reliability model was applied to an example analysis for power supply circuit of an airborne electro-optical system. The above methods were used to calculate, and the results were compared and analyzed, which verifies the correctness and feasibility of the proposed method.

The flexure hinge is one of the important components of fast steering mirror (FSM). The impact of its structural characteristic on FSM performance was analyzed to guide the structure design of FSM. The flexure hinge was simplified as an elastic joint, which could be equivalent to triaxial translational stiffness and triaxial rotational stiffness. Based on the Euler dynamics theory, the motion differential equation of a two-axis FSM was derived, and the Simulink model of the FSM control system was established. Under the given vibration condition, the influence of structural resonant frequency on FSM performance was simulated. The results showed that the higher the translational resonant frequency, the higher the FSM lock zero accuracy, and the translational resonant frequency should be more than two times of the gain crossover frequency. Considering the requirements of lock zero accuracy and limitation of the motor torque, the rotational resonant frequency should be from 25 Hz to 50 Hz. Finally, the vibration experiment was carried out. The simulation results are accord with the experimental results, which verifies the correctness of the simulation model.

In order to solve the problem of maintaining the pitch angle and ground horizontal angle in real time during the 360° panoramic scanning of search and track system on the moving base, an automatic leveling control technology was designed. On the basis of rate closed-loop stabilization, the tilt sensor was adopted to constitute the spatial position loop, which formed the double closed loop of position and rate, and the automatic leveling of the system line of sight was realized. Aiming at the automatic leveling technology, the key of platform control, the spatial position loop constituted by the tilt sensor and platform gimbal angle was emphatically analyzed. The relation between line of sight and horizontal plane angle of search and track system was theoretically deduced, and the system control was analyzed and simulated. The final simulation analysis results are basically consistent with the actual test results and meet the index requirements of the system.

The vibration of the equipment ring frame will be caused by the interfence factors of aircraft combat environment of airborne photoelectric stabilized sighting platform, which has a great influence on the stability and tracking accuracy of load optical axis of photoelectric platform. The main task of vibration reduction is to effectively isolate the ambient vibration. Compared with the traditional rubber shock absorber, a new flexible vibration reduction design of airborne photoelectric stabilized sighting platform was proposed. The modal simulation analysis of the new vibration reduction model was carried out by ANSYS simulation software. Finally, the performance of the design was evaluated effectively by vibration test. The error between the test results and the simulation evaluation is 0.56%, which shows that the design has the ability of vibration reduction to airborne photoelectric stabilized sighting platform.

The photoelectric reconnaissance equipment is widely applied in ground target reconnaissance of small and medium-sized UAV. In order to realize the single-station passive location to ground target by UAV photoelectric equipment without the laser ranging information, the method of single-station passive location based on the virtual ellipsoid was proposed, and the model of single-station passive location to ground target was constructed. In the principle of intersection of space rays and virtual ellipsoid, the geodetic coordinates of the targets were obtained in real time by resolving the equivalent azimuth and pitch, estimating the target altitude and resolving the target location. The simulation results show that, under the condition that the altitude estimate error is less than 500 m, the method of single-station passive location can realize the three-dimensional target location with the location accuracy of longitude and latitude of 10-3 ° and the altitude location accuracy of 150 m, the relative location with higher than 50% degree of confidence and better than 10% R passive location accuracy can be realized.

Different from the common missile, the loitering missile can cruise over the target to obtain the target location information and transmit it to the command center, which is used for battle-field situation analysis and optimum assignment of firepower. Limited by the load capacity and cost requirements, the target location ability of the loitering missile is not comparable to that of large unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). In order to promote the target location accuracy of loitering missile, the error sources were analyzed from the principle and process of the target location of loitering missile. Under typical working condition, the influence degree of primary factors such as longitude and latitude errors of global positioning system, course errors of inertial navigation system (INS), angle measurement errors and ranging errors of rangefinder on target location accuracy were studied, which could be used as the design basis to promote the target location accuracy. According to the influence of longitude and latitude errors of global positioning system on target location accuracy, the outfield test was carried out to verify the above analysis conclusions. The results show that as the longitude and latitude accuracy of the global positioning system varies from 5 m to 1 m, the circular probable error (CEP) of target location reduces by about 31.5%, which is consistent with the theoretical analysis.

According to the imaging performance requirements of airborne optoelectronic system, starting from the detector pixel size, the influence of detector pixel size on detector performance parameters such as detector dynamic range, signal-to-noise ratio and modulation transfer function was researched. Further the influence of detector pixel size on overall performance parameters of optoelectronic system, such as resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, detection and recognition operating range was analyzed. Finally, the parameters of foreign typical airborne optoelectronic system and the selected detector parameters were listed. Through the analysis of relationship between performance parameters of the detector and overall performance parameters of the system, the suggestions on the selection of the detector pixel size and the typical value Fλ/d of the airborne optoelectronic system were obtained, that is, generally, in order to obtain the long-distance high image quality images, the airborne optoelectronic system gave priority to the large pixel detector, and comprehensively weighed the relationship between detector pixel size and system Fλ/d, so as to control the Fλ/d within 2.

An optical system of a spectrometer based on the double Rowland circle optical structure and its related design methods were proposed. The optical path in the detection wavelength range of 200 nm~500 nm was a conventional Rowland circle optical structure. The optical path in the detection wavelength range of 500 nm~700 nm used the zeroth diffraction order subspectral lines diffracted by a concave grating, which were adjusted by a plane reflector to project the spectral lines into another concave grating, and the double Rowland circle optical structure was realized. According to the design requirements and the mutual constraints among the various parameters of the optical system, the various parameters were designed and calculated. Based on Zemax simulation analysis, the optical parameters were adjusted and the feasibility of the optical system was verified. Aiming at the problem of aberration of the planar signal detector on the Rowland circle, the reflector was used to increase the number of signal detectors, and the aberration was reduced by 4.475 μm compared with that of initial structure. The overall optical structure size of the spectrometer was less than 400 mm 500 mm. Simulation results show that the spectral band range measured by the spectrometer can reach 200 nm~700 nm, and the whole band resolution can reach 0.4 nm.

The terahertz pulse signal has the characteristics of "fingerprint spectrum" in the frequency domain, which can be used for qualitative analysis of substances. A secondary aspheric TPX plano-convex lens was designed to improve the ability of lens to focus on the terahertz beams, with the help of optical analysis and optimization functions of Zemax software. The terahertz beam shaping optical system was designed by using the plano-convex lens, and the optical system was used in a terahertz time-domain spectroscopy system. The terahertz spectroscopy tests were performed on moxifloxacin hydrochloride and levofloxacin, and the absorption coefficient and refractive index curve in frequency domain were obtained after algorithm processing. The test results show that the refractive index of levofloxacin is higher than that of moxifloxacin hydrochloride in the range of 0.1 THz~3.5 THz band, but the change of the refractive index of moxifloxacin hydrochloride is more gentle than that of levofloxacin. The moxifloxacin hydrochloride has obvious absorption peaks at 1.03 THz, 1.92 THz, 2.58 THz and 2.84 THz, and the levofloxacin has obvious absorption peaks at 1.35 THz, 1.96 THz, 2.52 THz, 2.73 THz.

In order to realize the optical beam transmission with approximately equal optical path for a certain distance in space, a newly-designed wavefront shaping system with off-axis ellipsoidal reflector was proposed. On the basis of the geometric optics and primary aberration theory, the influences of conic coefficients and off-axis amounts of the ellipsoidal reflector on the optical path difference of the image plane were analyzed in optical design software Zemax, the wavefront shaping systems of two kinds of optical structures of planar-ellipsoidal reflector and double ellipsoidal reflector were designed, and the tolerances of the two structures were compared. The analysis results show that both the planar-ellipsoidal reflective system and the double ellipsoidal reflective system realize the optical beam transmission at a distance of 1 m in space, and the optical path difference between each field of view pupil is 0.14 mm and 0.04 mm, respectively, under the condition of 3 mm object height field of view and aperture angle of 6°. Therefore, the shaping effect of the double ellipsoidal reflective structure is better than that of the planar-ellipsoidal reflective system, but the double ellipsoidal reflective structure is more sensitive to the tolerances.

The imaging circle of panoramic fisheye optical system is usually a complete circle, which is smaller than the vertical size of the sensor. Compared with rectangular sensor, the area of circular imaging circle is smaller and the utilization rate of effective pixels of sensor is low. Combined with the characteristic that the imaging circle of panoramic fisheye optical system is smaller than that of sensor, a panoramic fisheye optical system based on freeform surface design was introduced, which could realize elliptical imaging area and greatly improve the utilization rate of effective pixels of sensor. The freeform surface model was built by using the optical design software, which was composed of glass lens and plastic lens. The imaging area of the asymmetric panoramic fisheye optical system was designed to be ellipse by eliminating aberration and controlling the focus shift under different temperature fields. The X direction of the lens image height was close to the horizontal size of the sensor, and the Y direction of the lens image height was close to the vertical size of the sensor. Without considering the manufacturing tolerance, according to the circle and ellipse area formula, for sensor of 4:3, the effective utilization rate of sensor pixels in the circular imaging area was about 58.9%, and that in the elliptical imaging area was about 78.5%. Finally, the simulation and calculation results show that the utilization rate of effective pixels of the sensor with elliptical imaging optical design is about 15% higher than that with circular imaging optical design.

In order to solve the problems of short reference working distance and small measuring range of laser displacement sensors developed independently in China at present, an imaging optical system for a wide-range laser displacement sensor was designed, which was suitable for the long distance measurement. Based on the laser triangulation principle, combined with specific application requirements, the performance indicators of a wide-range laser displacement sensor and parameters of an imaging optical system were calculated. The five-piece lens structure was selected as the initial structure of the system, and the imaging optical system of wide-range laser displacement sensor was designed with optical design software. The optimal design and performance analysis of the system were completed, and the system with reference working distance of 1 000 mm, measuring range of ±500 mm and resolution of 0.4 mm was developed. The simulation results show that the system can achieve good imaging quality within the measuring range of ±500 mm. The proposed laser displacement sensor imaging system has the advantages of long working distance, wide measuring range and simple structure, which can meet the requirements of wide-range measurement at 1 000 mm.

The fast circumferential scanning detection system is a new panoramic photoelectric system which realizes the gaze compensation imaging of single field of view scene by using inverse scanning device with high-speed swing. The fast scanning principle of the system was introduced in detail, which pointed out that the high-precision stability control of scanning platform was the key factor to the design and implementation of fast circumferential scanning detection system. According to the control mechanism of scanning platform, the mathematical models of horizontal and vertical inertial stabilization platform were established, the control of scanning platform by adopting fractional-order proportion integration differentiation (PID) controller was realized, and finally, the control performance of scanning platform based on fractional-order PID control algorithm was analyzed and verified. The experimental results show that the scanning platform using fractional-order PID controller has the advantages of no overshoot and stronger anti-disturbance performance in comparison with traditional PID controllers. The horizontal stabilization accuracy is improved from 0.005 82°(1 $ \sigma $) to 0.001 26°(1 $ \sigma $), and the vertical stabilization accuracy is improved from 0.003 66°(1 $ \sigma $) to 0.001 62°(1 $ \sigma $), which can ensure the described fast circumferential scanning detection system to obtain the clear and stable panoramic images.

The imaging luminance measurement device (ILMD) can utilize the image sensor and the short focal length lens to achieve a large field of view and spatially resolved luminance measurement. However, there still exists problems of pixel nonlinear response of image sensor, strong vignetting effects of short focal length lens and image distortion. Therefore, a correction method of ILMD was proposed. Linear correction and flat-field correction were used to obtain linear correction coefficients and flat-field correction matrices by using standard radiation source method. The distortion correction matrix was obtained through the geometric coordinates calibration method. A 12 mm short focal length lens and a 2-megapixel image sensor were adopted to build an ILMD. After correction, the luminance measurement of the LCD panel was completed. It was compared with a commercial spectroradiometer and the test results show that the relative error of measurement does not exceed ±2%, which realizes the large field of view, high-precision and spatially resolved luminance measurement.

A wavefront evaluation method based on sparse subaperture was proposed for the collimated wavefront of 300 mm aperture wavelength-tuned interferometer. The method used the wavefront data of sparse aperture to construct a uniform and equally spaced subaperture arrangement model and utilized the simultaneous fitting algorithm to realize the reconstruction of the full-aperture collimated wavefront. The change rules of subaperture spacing and subaperture size on the reconstruction accuracy were analyzed by the numerical calculation, and the optimized subaperture arrangement way was obtained. Finally, an optimized subaperture arrangement with a subaperture size of 10.8 mm and an adjacent subaperture center spacing of 9.72 mm was used for the sparse subaperture evaluation of 300 mm aperture collimated wavefront. The simulation results show that the optimized sparse subaperture evaluation wavefront residual peak valley (PV) value is 0.001 6 ${\rm{\lambda}}$ and the residual root mean square (RMS) value is 1.689 3e-4 ${\rm{\lambda}}$.

The application of infrared stealth technology in the stealth missile could reduce the detection probability of missile by infrared detection system. Taking AGM-158C missile as a reference, the infrared radiation characteristics of target in the head-on observation direction including target skin, target skin reflection of surrounding backgrounds and infrared radiation intensity of target tail flame were estimated, and were compared with the infrared radiation characteristics of typical subsonic missile. The analysis results show that the infrared stealth technology can significantly reduce the medium and long wave infrared radiation of the missile, especially in the medium wave band. In the design of the infrared detection system, the medium-wave infrared detector is usually used for the tail flame detection, while the long-wave infrared detector used for the missile body detection. The stealth missile using the infrared stealth technology will improve the penetration ability of the missile.

There exist friction torque, unbalanced torque and other disturbance torques in the process of image stabilization and target tracking by photoelectric pod, which affect the response accuracy of speed loop. On the other hand, the delay caused by the image transmission and processing of the pod video tracker can cause tracking lag. Therefore, the delay must be compensated so as to reduce the error. For this, a sliding mode variable structure control method based on prediction tracking was proposed, in which the differential prediction tracker was adopted to compensate the delay of video tracker, and the motion angular velocity of target estimated by the prediction tracker was applied to compose the adaptive parameter so as to adjust the quantity of sliding mode variable structure contro. The improved sliding mode control algorithm could compensate the disturbance torque and suppress the chattering phenomenon at the same time. The simulation and experiment results show that the improved control method can effectively compensate the errors caused by disturbance torque and delay of tracker , its tracking error is reduced to 1/3 of the original traditional PID control.What's more, the proposed method has been applied in related systems.

In order to realize the image quality detection and evaluation of photoelectric imaging system under the condition of temperature change, an optical window with temperature adaptation function was designed. Firstly, the influence of temperature on the surface shape of optical glass was analyzed. Secondly, the temperature adaptability opto-mechanical structure of optical window was designed. Finally, the effect of temperature change on the surface shape of optical window was analyzed by means of finite element analysis and experiment, and the validity of temperature adaptability design was verified. The experimental results show that the peak-valley (PV) and root-mean-square (RMS) values of the wave aberration of optical window are 82.90 nm and 6.96 nm respectively at room temperature of 20 ℃, the PV and RMS values of the wave aberration are 136.68 nm and 14.55 nm respectively at high temperature of 50 ℃, and the PV and RMS values of the wave aberration are 183.51 nm and 28.48 nm respectively at low temperature of -40 ℃. Under high and low temperature conditions and compared with the room temperature condition, the numerical variation trend of wave aberration is in good agreement with the finite element analysis results. Under three temperature conditions, the PV values of the wave aberration of optical window are less than or close to (1/4) λ, and the change of the surface shape of optical window caused by the temperature change is very small. The designed optical window has better temperature adaptability.

In order to improve the control degree of freedom and surface shape accuracy of the piezoelectric bimorph mirror (PBM) in synchrotron radiation, and to solve the problem of abnormal fluctuations of the calculated voltages (overfitting) affected by noise caused by the excessive number of piezoelectric actuation units, the PBM model was established and simulation control was carried out. The 36 sets of piezoelectric response equations were obtained through the finite element simulation, and the mathematical model of surface shape and voltage was constructed. To compensate the mirror surface distortion caused by gravity, the control effects of two voltage solutions using least square method (LSM) and Tikhonov regularization were analyzed and compared by obtained ellipse shape. The results show that after using Tikhonov regularization inversion, the surface shape control error is reduced by 21.7% compared with LSM, and the maximum voltage fluctuation between adjacent electrodes is reduced from 1.019 kV to 0.174 kV, which meet the actual requirements of engineering. The system is robust to tested noise, and has more superior application value than LSM.

Aiming at the detection requirements of helicopter networking and informatization, a method of using data link information to quickly guide the airborne electro-optical system realizing target aiming was proposed. The indication errors during the guidance process of network information were analyzed. The coordinate transformation method and delay processing algorithm of target information, and the aiming line deviation estimation method of electro-optical system were given. Finally, the effects of data accuracy, data rate, delay time on network cooperative target aiming for helicopter electro-optical system were studied by simulation experiment. The simulation results show that reducing the data latency, improving the data rate and data accuracy are the effective approaches of reducing the aiming error of network cooperative target. In addition, it can improve the estimation accuracy of target state and reduce the estimation errors of target aiming line by using the reasonable target information delay processing algorithm.

The atmospheric turbulence effect is one of the important factors that seriously affect the image quality of aerial photoelectric reconnaissance system. Starting from the description of atmospheric turbulence parameters, the influence mechanism of atmospheric turbulence on the imaging quality of optical system was researched, the influencing factors of atmospheric turbulence on the modulation transfer function (MTF) of optical system were analyzed, and the theoretical model of atmospheric turbulence on the imaging MTF of optical system was established. The simulation results show that under the influence of atmospheric turbulence, the ratio of optical system pupil aperture to atmospheric coherence diameter has a great influence on the imaging MTF. By comparing the ground field experimental images of the optical system, the imaging MTF theoretical model of the actual optical system affected by atmospheric turbulence was verified. The research results can provide theoretical supports for the design of aerial photoelectric reconnaissance system and the improvement of imaging quality under the influence of atmospheric turbulence.

The field programmable gate array (FPGA) has the advantages of repeatable programming and flexible algorithm implementation. With 97-element deformable mirror as the prototype, the general and rapid implementation scheme of the FPGA-based stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) control algorithm was proposed. Firstly, the TimeGen software was adopted to analyze the time sequence of the SPGD algorithm. Secondly, the Vivado software was adopted to configure and programme the FPGA of the SPGD algorithm in the field of random disturbance voltage generation, performance indexes calculation, as well as control voltage calculation and output. Finally, the calculation results of each module and those of Matlab were compared and analyzed. The results prove the rationality and feasibility of the proposed scheme and provide the basis for the next step of hardware implementation and application of FPGA-based SPGD algorithm.

The construction, operation and maintenance of optical fiber communication network put forward the portable, compact, accurate and reliable requirements for the use of optical fiber connecting machine. To achieve this goal, an optical fiber objective with compact structure and clear imaging was developed. Based on optical theory and actual usage requirements, the basic optical parameters of the required objective were analyzed. An compact and high- resolution optical fiber microscope objective was designed by the Zemax software. The objective included 5 commonly used glass spherical lenses, with the magnification of 6 times, the numerical aperture of 0.24, and the conjugate distance of 47.3 mm. The objective system had the good imaging quality, in which the MTF was greater than 0.36 at the nyquist frequency of 60 lp/mm, greater than 0.15 at 90 lp/mm within 0.7 field of view. The design results were analyzed by Monte Carlo tolerance, and the yield rate was over 90%. The installation was loose and the cost was low, therefore the objective lens could be produced in large quantities. In addition, the imaging simulation of the designed objective lens shows that the features of the fiber core to be spliced are clear and sharp, which is beneficial to the alignment of the machines.

The micro-pore glass array is the base plate of the micro-channel plate made by atomic-layer deposition technology. The distribution uniformity of the micro-pore array and the smoothness of the inner wall of each channel are very important for the subsequent fabrication of qualified micro-channel plates. The hollow-core and solid-core corrosion processes were used respectively to make the aforementioned base plate. The advantages and disadvantages of the two processes were deeply analyzed, and the key technologies of the two processes were expounded. The performance of the micro-channel plate made by atomic-layer deposition technology was compared with that made by conventional technology, and the signal-to-noise ratio of the former was better than that of the latter.

As the substitute material of optical crystal, the characteristics of chalcogenide glass with high spectral transmittance, high thermostability, moldable property and low price received extensive attention. An infrared athermalization optical system was designed based on temperature characteristics of chalcogenide glass and theory of optical passive athermalization. The working band was from 8 μm to 12 μm, the F-number was 1, the field angle was 38°, and the overall length was 16.7 mm. The system was composed of three lenses, which used two chalcogenide glasses materials, IRG202 and IRG206 respectively, only introduced two even aspheric surfaces, and no diffraction surface was used. The system had advantages of compact structure, low cost, and high luminous flux, which was compatible with uncooled infrared area-array detector that had pixel elements of 384×288, and pixel size of 17 μm. From -40 ℃ to 60 ℃, the MTF of designed lens of each field of view is greater than 0.4 at the nyquist frequency, and the imaging performance of optical system is stable. The system can be widely used in the field of vehicle night vision and security monitoring.

The star sensor is the key measurement equipment for autonomous attitude navigation of spacecraft. Due to the large volume and mass of the traditional star sensor, it is difficult to meet the application requirements of micro-nano satellites. The optical system is the core and bottleneck technology of star sensor miniaturization. The optical system parameter requirements of star sensor for all-sky star identification were studied and analyzed, and a micro-miniature, wide spectral band and transmission-type optical system design based on the spherical lens was proposed. The optical system has the focal length of 40 mm, the field angle of 26.4°, the relative aperture F of 2.8, and the spectral range of 450 nm～1000 nm.The volume and mass of the optical system are greatly reduced, which is suitable for the micro-nano satellites star sensor.

To realize high-precision detection of complex products in modern industrial field, a model of multi-degree of freedom joint acquisition system was established. A model of multi-degree of freedom acquisition system based on wide-spectrum phase-shifting interferometry was established, and the optical components in the system were designed. A multi-degree of freedom joint measuring algorithm was proposed based on phase-shifting interferometry, and rationality of the system was verified. The algorithm was implemented by physical and optical parameters. The results based on Simulink show that depth measurement accuracy is at the micron level, and measurement range is at the meter level; spectrum detection resolution is at the nanometer level, the measuring bandwidth is 300 nm, which covers the entire visible light area, and spectrum accuracy is 0.2 nm, error rate is less than 0.1%. The system meets the needs of high depth resolution, wide depth measuring range, high spectrum accuracy and high spectral resolution in modern industrial precision measurement.

To achieve the high-resolution detection of space infrared telescopes, based on the Schupmann ach-romatic theory, the design and athermalization model of catadioptric middle infrared diffractive telescope system with large aperture were studied. An optical system which had an aperture of 1 m, F-number of 2, full field of view of 0.12°, waveband of 3.8 μm~4.2 μm was designed, the primary mirror and correction mirror were plane diffractive lenses, the relay system adopted catadioptric Cassegrain structure, and the refocusing and three times imaging systems used refractive structure, then the tolerance, ghost image and cold reflection of the system were analyzed. The design results show that at the temperature of -20℃~60℃, the MTF of the system is greater than 0.7 in the range of 16.7 lp/mm, close to the diffraction limit, and has 100% cold shield efficiency. The tolerance of system satisfies requirements of fabrication, the ghost image energy is 0.1%, which has little influence on the target signal, and the Narcissus induced equivalent temperature difference (NITD) value of cold reflection with temperature is less than noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD). The system can provide reference for the design of larger aperture infrared diffractive telescope system.

Most of the current ultraviolet (UV) optical lenses have narrow working band, which results in the decrease of their application adaptability. It is becasue of the fewer lens materials for UV lens design, and further it is difficult for the correction of UV color aberration. By applying the optical structure of negative-positive lenses overlapping distribution together with quasi-double Gaussian symmetry, as well as utilizing the wide spectral transmittance of fused quartz material and calcium fluoride material, an optical system with wide ultraviolet spectrum was designed, which also had the advantages of large relative aperture, wide field of view and high resolution. Its working wavelength was from 240 nm to 360 nm and the UV working bandwidth reached to 120 nm. All of the lenses in the designed UV optical system were spherical lenses, which could be fabricated and measured easily. Taking the central wavelength of 300 nm as the reference wavelength, the maximum lateral color aberration of the designed UV optical system was less than one pixel size over the full field of view. In the cut-off frequency of 50 lp·mm-1, the modulation transfer function (MTF) value was better than 0.4. The root mean square (RMS) value of image spot diagram in each field was better than 10 μm. The design results show that the designed UV optical system with wide UV spectrum has good imaging quality, high resolution and small color aberration, which satisfies the design requirements.

As an important evaluating method, the technology readiness level (TRL) can provide a better decision-making basis for the defense acquisition of weaponry, and can effectively reduce the technical risk of equipment development. The foreign evaluation methods of technology readiness level were briefly introduced, and the application of technology readiness level in the American ship-based laser system LaWS was studied. The LaWS system consists of five sub-systems such as transmitter-telescope, light source in military operation, diastimeter, target tracking sensor and control system. In the system development, in addition to a small number of custom components, a large number of industrial lasers, inertial measurement devices, sensors, video trackers and other commercial devices are adopted. A series of demonstration experiments were retrospected in LaWS system, the technical problems exposed in each test and the corresponding solutions adopted were analyzed, and the technology readiness level of each stage was evaluated. Finally, the research and development approach and the significance of battlefield deployment were reviewed.

In advanced 3D dose verification system for radiotherapy based on scintillation light field imaging, it is necessary to use the point spread function to extract the real scintillation light data of each 2D plane from the overlapping images. The point spread functions of the light field camera at different refocusing positions are measured by knife-edge method combining the digital refocusing of light field and the focussing ranging method. And when the refocusing plane refocused at α=0.6, the function expression of Gaussian defocus for checkerboard calibration plate at α=0.7 was given. The law of light field camera point spread function was studied. All point spread functions could be obtained through function fitting by measuring five necessary values and the workload of point spread function calibration caused by the increase of the number of layers in optical layered imaging was reduced by using this law. Introducing the research results into image processing could obtain the real scintillation data of each 2D refocusing surface through deconvolution operation, which would be helpful for the real-time and accurate measurement of 3D dose.

The structural design and performance test of the sub-mirror co-phase correction device were finished. The device covered two-stage structure and was mainly composed of coarse adjustment stage, fine adjustment stage and lateral unloading mechanism. Based on the finite element method, the overall design and the performance analysis of the device were finished, and then the prototype development and basic performance test were also completed. Finally, the test results indicate that the displacement of adjustment system is about ±2.5 mm, the accuracy is about 30 nm RMS, and the natural frequency is about 70.3 Hz with analog mirror, which are in good agreement with the finite element analysis results. In conclusion, the performance of the design meets the requirements of the segmented-mirrors.

Many applications expect to search for targets with a large field of view (FOV) , and identify the targets in a relative small FOV. A miniaturized two-step 7.5× zoom system was proposed and designed, which worked in the visible band of 486 nm~656 nm with a wide-angle FOV of ±15°, telephoto FOV of ±2°, F-number in both FOV of 2.8, and overall length of 60 mm. The system consisted of glass lenses and plastic-injection lenses, which contained one front fixed group and one movable group. The conversion of wide-angle search function and long-focus gaze function was completed by switching the movable group between two zoom positions, which had the advantages of miniaturization, lightweight and low cost.

In order to improve the installation and adjustment efficiency of off-axis three-mirror optical antenna of space laser communication, it is necessary to optimize the design of total freedom of the mirror. Based on the principle of coaxial three-mirror afocal system, a method of integration of primary-tertiary mirror was proposed. The relationship between structural parameters of optical system was deduced, and an off-axis three-mirror optical antenna with compact structure and primary-tertiary mirror integration was designed by Zemax optical software. The design results show that the optical image quality of full field of view is better than diffraction limit, the primary mirror and tertiary mirror are close to each other in space, the common mother plate can be processed and surface shape can be detected by the common reference, which provides a method for integrated processing of primary mirror and three-mirror. The degree of installation and adjustment freedom of optical antenna is reduced by 6, which reduces the difficulty and improves the efficiency.

In order to meet the requirements of electro-optic payload on vibration isolation performance, a high static stiffness and low dynamic stiffness nonlinear vibration isolator with rhombus linkage mechanism as negative stiffness component (rhombus HSLDS vibration isolator) was proposed. The mathematical model of vibration isolator was established by statics analysis method, and stiffness parameter setting and nonlinear adjustment methods were studied; the harmonic balance method (HBM) was used to solve the kinetic equation, and influence of parameters on the vibration isolation performance was analyzed; the theoretical model and conclusions were verified by kinetic simulation software ADAMS and prototype. The test results show that the rhombus HSLDS vibration isolator has convenient parameter adjustment capability, and the zero-position stiffness and stiffness nonlinearity can be set and optimized by parameters of tension spring and linkage. And the optimization effect of vibration isolation caused by stiffness nonlinearity is affected by the damping of main vibration isolator and zero-position stiffness parameter. Compared with traditional linear vibration isolator, the rhombus HSLDS vibration isolator has significant advantage of nonlinear vibration isolation and can better meet the needs of electro-optic payload vibration isolation requirements.

Aiming at the test results of minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD) of a multi-band common aperture long focal length reflective infrared imaging system deviating from design value under laboratory conditions, starting with the definition of MRTD, the influences of observation frequency response, visual angle, sampling phase transfer function and other factors affecting MRTD test results were analyzed in detail. Secondly, the influence of sampling phase on infrared system static and dynamic MRTD test results was emphasized. It was demonstrated that static MRTD test value would deviate from the design value when spatial frequency was in the range of $0.6\;{f_N}$～ $0.9\;{f_N}$. Finally, combined with the test data, it was proved that sampling phase transfer function was the main factor affecting the MRTD of infrared imaging system.

Aiming at the problems of low energy utilization and environmental sensitivity of passive light source adopted in high-speed projectile flight parameter measurement system, a combined active laser shadow photography system was studied. Based on the theoretical analysis of the system, the space position model and two velocity measurement models of high-speed projectile were established. The experimental platform of laser shadow photography system was built and the rationality of the system design was tested. The test results show that the both models can measure the flight speed of projectile, and the comparison error between the two methods is small.The mean square deviation of the projectile space position in X-axis is 0.795 mm and that in Z-axis is 0.496 mm. Compared with the results of paper target, the deviation degree is within 1 mm, and the system can measure the flight parameters of the projectile.

For the optical system with long focal length, the large relative aperture means that the imaging brightness is better, but it is difficult to correct with the variation of aperture edge aberration as well. The refractive system was used to reduce the total length of the optical system. Based on the reflection structure, the optical system was composed of two sets of correcting lens before and after, and the telephoto optical system with large relative aperture and short total length was effectively designed. The operating band of the optical system is the visible band, the focal length is 1 000 mm, the F number is 2.1, the telephoto ratio is 0.52, the optical total length is less than the focal length, the obstruction ratio is 45%, the full-field MTF is greater than 0.3 at the space frequency 80 lp/mm, and the image plane diameter is 11 mm. All the lenses of this optical system are spherical mirrors, and the system is composed of two reflectors and seven transmission mirrors, with compact structure and good imaging quality. The tolerance analysis of telephoto objective lens shows that the tolerance is good.

Ambient temperature is one of the main factors affecting the imaging quality of aspheric optical systems. The analysis method of thermal optical properties was used to analyze the thermal optical properties of an airborne camera aspheric optical system. The finite element method was used to analyze the thermal deformation of the camera optical system structure, and the rigid body displacement of the mirror surface was removed. The surface data was input into the optical software program for Zernike polynomial fitting, and the fitting results were imported into the optical design software to evaluate the imaging performance of aspheric optical system. The results show that the analysis method of thermal optical properties can effectively simulate the practical working environment of the aspheric optical system, and predict the influence of ambient temperature on the imaging quality of optical system, which have guiding significance for the optical system design.

The astronomical telescope of large field of view, low-cost and high-performance is the focus of current research and development. According to the aberration balance principle, the oblique incident reflective Schmidt correction plate equation was derived based on the normal incident Schmidt correction plate. For an optical system with the focal length of 1 700 mm, the imaging field angle of 4°, the operating wavelength of 0.4 μm to 0.9 μm, and the F number of 4.25, the Schmidt correction plate equation was solved and further optimized by using ZEMAX software as the initial structural parameter. The design results show that, the modulation transfer function (MTF) of this system is more than 0.35 at the Nyquist frequency of 100 lp/mm in the full field of view, and the distortion is less than 2.5 %, which indicates that the imaging quality is close to the diffraction limit. After the optimized design, the maximum deviation between Schmidt correction plate and near spherical surface is 0.005 mm, and the special compensator can complete the surface shape high-precision detection combined with the interferometer. The design of the Schmidt system can provide references for the development of astronomical telescopes with large field of view and wide spectrum.

In order to solve the problem that the data of the inner wall detection system of the body tube is large and the data processing is complicated, the parameter of the body tube is difficult to obtain, and the data processing method of the inner wall detection system of the gun barrel is proposed. On the basis of completing the construction of the gun barrel detection system, aiming at the special structure of the body tube and the characteristics of the data collected by the laser displacement sensor, the method of reducing the inner wall contour of the body tube and the method of separating the line data are proposed. The parameters of the inner wall of the body tube are obtained based on the least squares method. And the error of the system is analyzed and corrected, which improves the accuracy of the system. The experimental results show that the radial error of the system is less than 0.01mm, the error of the abnormal data correction is less than 0.01 mm, and the data processing method is correct, which effectively solves the problem of obtaining the inner wall parameters of the gun barrel.

Multi-dimensional information acquisition by single detector is the future direction of photoelectric detection. Aiming at the problem that the energy and the polarization information could not be considered in target detection, a new pixel array structure with polarization-low level light integrated function was proposed. The integration of polarization and low level light detection was realized in electronic multiplying charge coupled device (EMCCD) by introducing the white light channel and the reduced polarization channel. The experimental results show that under the low level light condition, the high sensitivity of the new detector is held, and the imaging quality at low illumination is almost not decay. In polarization mode, the white light channel and two polarization angle enable the detector to obtain enough polarization information, so as to realize the polarization detection of the target. Synchronous acquisition of high sensitivity imaging detection and polarization information detection by this method is realized, and the reconstruction of the detection mode can be realized by the algorithm processing.